Preheat the oven to 350°F (177°C). Line a 12-cup muffin pan with cupcake liners. Optional: Spray liners with non-stick spray or coat lightly with butter to prevent cupcakes from sticking to paper).
Whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a medium bowl.
With a stand or handheld mixer, beat the butter and sugar until creamy, about 3 minutes. Scrape down sides as needed. Add the sourdough starter, egg whites, buttermilk, sour cream, and vanilla extract and mix on medium-high until well incorporated.
Add the dry ingredients to the wet and mix on low until just combined. Be careful not to overmix.
Spoon batter into greased liners, filling each cup about 2/3rds full. Bake cupcakes for 18-20 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.
Allow cupcakes to cool completely and then frost with buttercream frosting (see notes). You can use a piping bag with a piping tip or spread the frosting on with a butter knife. Cupcakes keep well covered in the fridge for up to a week.